World
For African Migrants, Trek to Europe Brings Risk, Heartbreak

DALTON BENNETT, Associated Press
SHAWN POGATCHNIK, Associated Press
VELES, Macedonia (AP) — This is the moment when Sandrine Koffi’s dream of a new life in Europe ended — and her nightmare of an infant lost in the Macedonian night began.
As club-wielding police closed in, the 31-year-old from Ivory Coast couldn’t keep up with her fellow migrants. Not after more than a week of treacherous hikes through mud and bone-chilling rain; of leaky tents, stolen food and fitful sleep; of loads too heavy to bear.
Koffi had given her 10-month-old daughter, Kendra, to a stronger person to carry as the 40-member group of West Africans walked with trepidation into Veles, Macedonia. They hoped, because it was pitch dark and miserably cold, that no one would see them and raise the alarm. But after a 10-day trek over 150 kilometers (90 miles), their luck ran out.
Officers captured Koffi and deported her with most of the group back to Greece. Others who escaped carried Kendra all the way to the Serbian border. That was more than two weeks ago. Now, the mother cannot stop crying for her distant daughter — or wondering why they can’t travel like “normal” people.
“I feel like I’m not a human being,” Koffi told The Associated Press from the migrants’ safe house in Greece, where she and her daughter had arrived last month in hopes of being escorted through the Balkans to Hungary and, eventually, to family in Paris. “Why is it necessary to separate a mother from her child? Why is all of this necessary?”
___
HUMAN TIDE
Each month, a tide of humanity pours through the hills of Greece, Macedonia and Serbia in hopes of entering the heart of the 28-nation European Union through its vulnerable back door in the Balkans. This is the newest of a half-dozen land and sea routes that Arab, Asian and African smugglers use to funnel migrants illegally from war zones and economic woes to opportunities in the West.
Most don’t make it on their first attempt. Nor their third or fifth. Many, it seems, just keep trying — and failing — over and over.
The AP followed a group of migrants to document the challenges of the Western Balkans route, witnessing key events on the journey: the confrontations with police and locals, disagreements with the smuggler leading them and among themselves, and other difficulties along the way.
The flow of migrants has grown from a trickle in 2012 to become the second-most popular path for illegal immigration into Europe, behind only the more dangerous option of sailing from North Africa to Italy.
Frontex, the EU agency that helps governments police the bloc’s leaky frontiers, says it appears nothing will deter migrants from trying the long walk that starts in northern Greece. Their monitors have detected more than 43,000 illegal crossings on the Western Balkans route in 2014, more than double the year before. And 2015 already looks on pace for a record number, with 22,000 arrivals in Hungary in the first two months.
One pivotal point for the route is Turkey, a magnet for refugees of wars in Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan. The Turks provide easy travel visas to residents of most of Asia and Africa, too.
Another is EU neighbor Greece, where migrants can claim asylum and usually, after a short detention, are permitted to travel freely within the country. But few intend to stay in Greece, with its debt-crippled economy and locals’ antipathy to the migrants.
“Europe has not faced a situation like this since World War II, with so many conflicts happening so near to home, with fallen states from Libya to Syria and unrelenting conflict in Iraq and Afghanistan,” said Frontex spokeswoman Ewa Moncure. “And it’s a lot easier to take a boat from Turkey to Greece than to cross the open Mediterranean. Thousands drown taking the other route.”
___
FROM ABIDJAN TO ATHENS
“Never in my life was I even on a boat,” says Jean Paul Apetey, a 34-year-old Ivorian with a reputation as a sharp-witted opportunist. And so, when smugglers ask him if he wants to pilot the vessel to Greece in exchange for a free ticket, he goes straight to the stern engine of the rigid inflatable boat, overloaded with 47 migrants, and acts as if he knows what he is doing.
Smugglers rarely ride on one-way journeys, facing prison if caught. Instead, they charge 1,000 euros ($1,100) or more per passenger, rich compensation for the sacrifice of a boat.
The smugglers point Apetey to a Greek island in the distance — he doesn’t know if it’s Kos, Samos or Lesbos because he had no map — but boasts of reaching the target in 17 minutes flat. “I have many witnesses,” he says proudly.
___
THE SAFE HOUSE
The walls are sweating in the safe house in Thessaloniki, Greece, a windowless basement apartment with no furnishings, two bedrooms and a camp-style cooker on the floor. It’s the end of February, and an African smuggler has brought 45 clients to this base camp to escort them on off-road paths through Macedonia to Serbia. Among the group are 11 women, including two with 10-month-old children.
The smuggler, a former soldier, agreed to allow an AP journalist to accompany them on condition he not be identified because what he’s doing is illegal.
He goes from migrant to migrant, checking their readiness for the journey to Serbia. By car, it would take less than five hours. On foot, it’s an estimated 10 days.
When some giggle at his questions, he sets a stern tone: “Shut up. This isn’t a joke once you’re out there. If you think it’s funny, I’ll send you back to Athens.”
He’s taken three other groups on the route, and charges those on this trip a wide range of prices, depending on their ability to pay but averaging around $500. Discounts apply if they help him keep the others supplied and disciplined. Kids go free.
Most are French speakers from Ivory Coast, Mali, Cameroon and Burkina Faso. Only a few speak English. One — a Congolese whose communist parents named him Fidel Castro — speaks both.
All are hungry, so a Malian woman named Aicha “Baby” Teinturiere boils macaroni on the camp stove, adding to the humid air. The smuggler sends others to stock up on sleeping bags, socks and gloves for those who haven’t brought the necessities.
___
SHAME AND REGRET
Some are confident of reaching Germany or France. Sekou Yara is not.
The 28-year-old Malian has failed three times to breach EU immigration checks at airports, costing him at least 3,000 euros. This is his first attempt on foot, and he has mixed feelings.
“I left many people whom I love so much. I left my wife and our 4-year-old child,” said Yara, frustrated at sacrificing so much only to be stuck in Greece, where he says migrants can’t find jobs and sometimes must dig for food in the trash.
“It is shameful to live like this. I just want a normal life,” he said.
Yara’s trip doesn’t last long. The next morning, he and another Malian are arrested shortly after the 45 arrive at the Thessaloniki bus station. Unlike the others, those two have no ID papers.
The smuggler deliberately keeps his distance at the station, communicating by phone to reduce chances of being spotted as a trafficker. Tell police you’re going to Athens, not the border, he instructs them. Don’t all sit together; spread out.
In every direction are migrants from Syria, Afghanistan and Eritrea, all looking suspicious. Some hide in toilet stalls as the police canvass the crowds, checking documents. At least 20 from other groups are taken to a nearby police station.
Fear of arrest keeps the West Africans from boarding their intended morning bus north to the frontier town of Polikastro. It’s not illegal for documented asylum-seekers to board a domestic bus in Greece, so nerves eventually settle, and all 43 get on four later buses: Greeks in front, Arabs in the middle, and blacks in the back.
They’re a half-day behind schedule as the last members arrive in Polikastro. The hatred of some locals toward the Africans is clear near the town square as women prepare to boil water for the babies’ formula. A motorist drives over their bags, smashing the milk powder and cooking gear as he curses them.
The easy part of the trip has ended.
___
BRIGHT START
The first day’s hike from Polikastro takes the group along a rail line, and they must navigate a rickety wooden bridge, hoping no train comes. Within the first hour, both women carrying infants become weary.
“This is my souvenir!” jokes Apetey as he agrees to carry Sandrine Koffi’s daughter, Kendra. Another man takes Christian, the 10-month-old son of a Cameroonian woman, Mireille Djeukam. Kendra was born in Turkey, Christian in Greece. Both have relatives in Paris.
After 10 hours, the 43 reach the border with Macedonia before midnight. They don’t bother with tents, preferring sleeping bags in the open air.
The smuggler doesn’t want the full group to cross the border in daylight, but they’re already short of supplies — and the cheapest local shop is on the Macedonian side. So he leads three men on a reconnaissance trip through the trees. A border patrol vehicle sits on a hilltop but doesn’t move.
The three others crouch down in the woods as he heads alone into the supermarket. A cashier inside warns the smuggler to hide because police are shopping in another aisle.
After a tense wait, he emerges with six trash bags full of bread, canned sardines, juice and water.
___
CROSSING BORDERS
That night, the group crosses the border and a highway. Each approaching set of headlights is feared to be police. The chill means it’s time to sleep in the 10 tents they’ve brought.
At the campsite, Hilarion Charlemagne illustrates his journey with a collection of cellphone SIM cards.
“This one is from Togo, where I was a refugee for one year and eight months,” the 45-year-old Ivorian teacher says, identifying others as from Mali, Mauritania and Algeria. He tells of being turned back at the Moroccan border because he lacked 500 euros; of working as a tutor for an Algerian family for a month; of trying to reach Europe by boat five times and managing to reach Greece on the sixth attempt.
Charlemagne and others have another way to remember the countries they’ve visited: recounting the racial epithets hurled at them in a half-dozen languages.
___
SUSPICIOUS MINDS
The group is startled by a Macedonian shepherd and his snarling dog. Tents are hurriedly packed. But in the rush, one of the smuggler’s helpers has lost his cellphone. Angry accusations are levied, and everyone is searched without success.
The trek resumes at night. They scramble over an exposed ridge and sprint across a road junction, hiding in long reeds. They catch their breath under a full moon.
A Malian woman, 34-year-old Miriam Toure, falls with a cramp. Two young soccer players in the group offer her a sports massage as she howls in pain. A man with a chronic leg injury, Mohamed “Mo-Mo” Konate, applies some ointment he uses for himself.
Nothing works, so men take turns carrying Toure, joking she’s only faking to get a piggy-back ride. After a half-hour, they’re worn out and she’s told to walk or stay behind. She limps barefoot, weeping silently while trying to keep up.
Passing through cabbage fields, some stuff the greens in their backpacks. They jostle to refill bottles when passing a tap bearing an Orthodox sign and the inscription “holy well.” Around 4 a.m., in the rain, they pitch tents — difficult in the dark — under a freeway overpass marked by graffiti from Afghan migrants.
After sunrise, several members accuse each other of stealing their food, drink and bags as they slept. The smuggler threatens to return them to Greece, where Syrian smugglers will charge them triple for the journey. Apologies are demanded and given.
Nearby, Charlemagne reads from the Book of Job.
___
BREAKING POINT
That night, the rain turns to snow, and the tents start to break. Sheltered campsites on the trail are occupied by other migrant groups, and the crying of the two infants is incessant. Some question whether the children, so cold and hungry, could be at risk of death if they continue.
They keep following the Vardar River north, but near a village abandon the 41-year-old “Mo-Mo,” who cannot continue even with his cane.
Food is so scarce that sardines are rationed to one can daily for three people. On the sixth day of walking, they reach the town of Nogotino, two days behind schedule and with a freezing wind howling. At 1 a.m., Sandrine Koffi passes out and slides down a muddy embankment. She is revived, and they walk another hour.
Mireille Djeukam, the other woman traveling with a child, has tried and failed to pass through EU airports about 10 times already, but finds this trip much harder.
“It’s very hard. Too hard,” she said. “If I knew it was this difficult, I wouldn’t have done it. I’m not used to this type of walking. I’m always in the back.”
The youngest and fittest men grumble under their breath that they might be in Serbia already if not for the women and children.
Laughter amid such suffering seems impossible, but a limping Miriam Toure brings down the house with an exasperated question: “Where is Macedonia?”
___
CASUALTIES AND CHAOS
As the group reaches Veles, the first major Macedonian town on the route and 145 kilometers (87 miles) into their hike, Djeukam cannot go on because of her aching legs. The group leaves her and 10-month-old Christian at an Orthodox church.
The 40 remaining try to stick to Veles’ riverside railway, but around 10 p.m. they are confronted by youths. They run onto a road, startling motorists. Two police arrive, brandishing clubs and beating stragglers. Five are caught, including Sandrine Koffi.
In the melee, members of the group drop their gear and scatter. A woman breaks an ankle and is hospitalized in the Macedonian capital, Skopje. By 3 a.m., the smuggler has found only eight of his clients.
The next day, Aicha “Baby” Teinturiere returns to Veles to search for her bags and stumbles into the police. She claims, falsely, to be looking for her baby; she has none. The police believe her and agree to help search — and in the process discover and arrest many of her comrades.
By the end of the 10th day, all but 13 are in custody and put on trucks back to Greece with scores of others from Syria, Afghanistan and Bangladesh.
But Teinturiere is not among them. The sympathetic police set her free so she could keep searching for the make-believe child.
___
NEXT STEPS
Two days later, the West Africans reach a smuggler’s safe house in the border town of Lojane, Macedonia. Teinturiere is given responsibility for caring for Kendra until Koffi can complete the trip.
Others, mostly the strongest men in their 20s, cross into Serbia, where they meet the next smugglers, who charge them 100 euros each to drive them hidden in trucks to the Hungarian border. Three weeks into the journey, the first few make it to Hungary and send triumphant messages to friends.
The smuggler returns to Thessaloniki with his deported clients. He organizes a second trek combining new migrants with many from the original group, including Koffi and the first person arrested on the previous trip, Sekou Yara.
They depart a week later but run into a police ambush south of Veles. All are returned to Greece.
Another attempt to complete the 250-kilometer (150-mile) journey on foot has begun this week. Joining the smuggler are at least 20 veterans of the last two failures, including Koffi.
Her focus used to be on reaching her husband, mother and other relatives in Paris. Now, she prays simply to make it far enough to be reunited with her child. There’s no joy left in her heart, only a sense of being duped, over and over.
“In Turkey, I was told: ‘You just take a train, it will be easy,'” she said. “It was a lie.”
___
Bennett traveled with the migrants through Greece and Macedonia. Pogatchnik reported from Berlin.
Copyright 2015 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
Black Press
Cuban President Vows to Defend the Country Against US Invasion
NEW YORK CARIB NEWS — The remarks come amid heightened rhetoric from U.S. President Donald Trump, whose administration has increased pressure on the communist-led nation. Trump recently suggested that a “takeover” of Cuba, potentially unfriendly, remains a possibility, while senior officials, including Secretary of State Marco Rubio, have called for political change on the island.
New York Carib News
Cuban President Miguel Díaz-Canel has declared that the island will defend itself against any potential military action by the United States, warning of serious regional consequences if tensions escalate further.
In an interview conducted in Havana with NBC’s Kristen Welker, Díaz-Canel emphasized that there is “no justification” for U.S. aggression against Cuba, while stressing that any invasion would provoke resistance. “If that happens, there will be fighting, and there will be a struggle, and we will defend ourselves,” he said, underscoring Cuba’s readiness to protect its sovereignty.
The remarks come amid heightened rhetoric from U.S. President Donald Trump, whose administration has increased pressure on the communist-led nation. Trump recently suggested that a “takeover” of Cuba, potentially unfriendly, remains a possibility, while senior officials, including Secretary of State Marco Rubio, have called for political change on the island.
Despite the rising tensions, Díaz-Canel insisted that Cuba’s position remains defensive, not aggressive. He reiterated a willingness to engage in dialogue but rejected U.S. demands related to political reforms, including multiparty elections and the release of individuals described internationally as political prisoners. Cuban authorities, however, deny holding such prisoners and argue that these claims are part of efforts to discredit the revolution.
The decades-old U.S. embargo remains a central point of contention. First imposed in 1962 following the Cuban Revolution led by Fidel Castro, the policy continues to shape Cuba’s economic challenges, including fuel shortages, power outages, and limited access to essential goods. Díaz-Canel described the embargo as “cruel” and a major factor behind the country’s ongoing hardships.
At the same time, the Cuban leader signaled openness to economic engagement, including potential foreign investment in the island’s energy sector, an area currently restricted for U.S. companies under existing sanctions laws.
While both Washington and Havana have acknowledged preliminary talks, deep mistrust persists. Díaz-Canel pointed to past U.S. actions in other regions as a source of skepticism, warning that negotiations conducted alongside military pressure undermine confidence.
As geopolitical tensions continue to rise, Cuba’s leadership is positioning itself firmly against external intervention while leaving the door open, albeit cautiously, to diplomatic engagement.
Black Press
Cuba: No Negotiation with US on the President or Political System
NEW YORK CARIB NEWS — While Havana confirmed last week that talks with Washington are underway, Cuban President Miguel Díaz-Canel has struck an increasingly defiant tone. Addressing a group of international activists delivering humanitarian aid, he warned of potential escalation, stating, “we’re not just crossing our arms… there could be aggression against Cuba.”
New York Carib News
The government of Cuba has firmly rejected any suggestion that its political leadership or governing system could be subject to negotiation in ongoing discussions with the United States, as tensions between the two nations intensify.
Deputy Foreign Minister Carlos Fernandez de Cossio delivered the government’s position unequivocally during a press conference on Friday, stating, “I can categorically confirm that the political system of Cuba is not up for negotiation, and of course neither the president nor the position of any official in Cuba is subject to negotiation with the United States.”
His remarks follow reports that the administration of U.S. President Donald J. Trump was exploring proposals that could involve removing Cuban President Miguel Díaz-Canel as part of a broader diplomatic arrangement.
The developments come amid a deepening economic crisis in Cuba, exacerbated by U.S. restrictions on oil supplies that have triggered widespread energy shortages and hardship across the island. Despite these pressures, Cuban officials have maintained that sovereignty remains non-negotiable.
While Havana confirmed last week that talks with Washington are underway, Díaz-Canel has struck an increasingly defiant tone. Addressing a group of international activists delivering humanitarian aid, he warned of potential escalation, stating, “We’re not just crossing our arms… there could be aggression against Cuba.”
He reinforced that stance in a separate message, declaring, “Any external aggressor will face an impenetrable resistance.”
Media reports in the United States have suggested that Washington is considering a deal that could ease trade restrictions while facilitating political change in Havana. However, Cuban officials have dismissed such proposals as interference in domestic affairs.
Historically, Cuban leadership has maintained that dialogue with the United States is only acceptable under conditions of equality and mutual respect. That position has remained consistent even as economic pressures mount and international aid efforts expand to support the island’s struggling population.
De Cossio acknowledged that there are areas of mutual interest between the two countries, including trade and longstanding financial claims. However, he declined to provide specifics about the timing or structure of current discussions.
The standoff underscores a broader geopolitical tension, as both nations navigate a complex mix of diplomacy, economic pressure, and ideological differences. With Cuba facing one of its most severe crises in decades, the outcome of these talks could have far-reaching implications—not only for bilateral relations but for stability across the wider Caribbean region.
Black Press
COMMENTARY: Regime Change and The Roots Of U.S. Hostility With Iran
SAN DIEGO VOICE & VIEWPOINT — Those who are serious in their study of history are clear that the Cold War was a propaganda campaign to position communism and socialism as a “boogeyman” in order to justify Americans’ desire for geopolitical domination of the world. Additionally, Mosaddegh’s policy of nationalizing the oil wealth of the country was disruptive to Western oil companies that wanted unfettered access to Iran’s oil reserves.
By Dayvon Love | San Diego Voice and Viewpoint
Director of Public Policy, Leaders of a Beautiful Struggle
In 1953, the United States and other Western forces collaborated to overthrow the democratically elected president, Mohammad Mosaddegh, of Iran.
The stated rationale for pursuing regime change was based on the Cold War logic that Mosaddegh was aligning with an evil communist sphere of influence anchored by the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR/Russia).
Those who are serious in their study of history are clear that the Cold War was a propaganda campaign to position communism and socialism as a “boogeyman” in order to justify Americans’ desire for geopolitical domination of the world. Additionally, Mosaddegh’s policy of nationalizing the oil wealth of the country was disruptive to Western oil companies that wanted unfettered access to Iran’s oil reserves.
After the overthrow of Mosaddegh, the United States installed the Shah of Iran to lead the country, which was a brutal, autocratic regime that lasted for a couple of decades. The 1979 revolution in Iran that resulted in the overthrow of the Shah and the taking of American hostages is often narrated as an act of anti-American aggression instead of a response to the U.S. imposition of a brutal regime on the people of Iran. In other words, the 1979 Iranian revolution and the anti-American sentiments expressed over the years by Iranian leadership is a response to U.S. imperialist aggression toward the sovereignty of the Iranian people and the larger Muslim world.
U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio gave a speech a few weeks ago in Munich, Germany, which provides a clear underlying logic for U.S. military strikes against Iran. He said:
“…For five centuries, before the end of the Second World War, the West had been expanding – its missionaries, its pilgrims, its soldiers, its explorers pouring out from its shores to cross oceans, settle new continents, build vast empires extending out across the globe,” Rubio said. “But in 1945, for the first time since the age of Columbus, it was contracting. Europe was in ruins. Half of it lived behind an Iron Curtain and the rest looked like it would soon follow. The great Western empires had entered into terminal decline, accelerated by godless communist revolutions and by anti-colonial uprisings that would transform the world and drape the red hammer and sickle across vast swaths of the map in the years to come … .”
The luxuries and quality of life that Western civilization enjoys are based on the colonial relationship it has with the so-called Third World, which is largely non-White and poor. People who are self-respecting will rise up to challenge the social order that causes its own degradation.
Additionally, in a November 1979 interview with journalist Mike Wallace, the Ayatollah Khomeini (leader of Iran) committed to (and delivered on this commitment) releasing Black and women hostages. His rationale for releasing Black hostages was that we are an oppressed group in America and not responsible for the aggression toward their people. This is a recognition of the global system of domination that bolsters White political and economic domination of the world.
It is also important to acknowledge the role that Israel has played in encouraging U.S. military aggression toward Iran.
Israel considers itself to be a cultural descendant of Western civilization. The state of Israel serves as a proxy for maintaining U.S. geopolitical domination of the muslim world and the Palestinian people have been casualties of U.S. maintenance and support of the settler colonial project of the state of Israel. Israel has been urging the U.S. to take a more aggressive stance toward Iran to advance its own military domination of the region.
The current administration’s capitulation to Israeli political leadership’s urging to enact regime change in Iran is a further acknowledgement of how important Israel is as an instrument of American imperialism. This current military strikes against Iran by the Trump administration is another example of the White nationalist political agenda of the Republican Party.
What must be acknowledged is that the military-industrial complex that funds both political parties must be directly confronted and ultimately dismantled. America currently invests $1 trillion a year of our tax dollars to maintain America’s role as the policeman of the world.
Democrats in the upcoming midterms need to be forced to engage in a radical change in American foreign policy that does not legitimize military aggression toward people defending their sovereignty. Democrats need to be forced to pursue a policy that divests from the $1 trillion military budget and puts those resources in the hands of the masses of people in this society who have been victimized by the global system of White supremacy.
Dayvon Love serves as director of public policy for Leaders of a Beautiful Struggle (LBS), a Baltimore-based grassroots think-tank.
Black History
Haiti – US Warns It Will Act if Political Moves Destabilize the Country
NEW YORK CARIB NEWS — In a statement posted on X late Wednesday, the US Embassy in Haiti said Washington would view any attempt to alter the current governing arrangement as a serious threat to national stability, particularly if such moves benefit criminal gangs.
New York Carib News
The United States has issued a firm warning to Haiti’s Transitional Presidential Council, cautioning against any political actions that could further destabilize the country as international pressure mounts for long-delayed elections.
In a statement posted on X late Wednesday, the U.S. Embassy in Haiti said Washington would view any attempt to alter the current governing arrangement as a serious threat to national stability, particularly if such moves benefit criminal gangs.
“The United States would consider that any person who supports such a destabilizing initiative, which favors the gangs, would be acting against the interests of the United States, the region, and the Haitian people, and will take appropriate measures accordingly,” the embassy stated.
The U.S. warned that any such maneuver would undermine efforts to establish a minimum level of security and stability in Haiti, where gang violence continues to escalate, and economic hardship is deepening.
The statement comes amid reports of internal divisions within the Transitional Presidential Council, with some members reportedly at odds with Prime Minister Alix Didier Fils Aimé. The precise cause of the disagreement remains unclear, but the council met behind closed doors earlier on Wednesday.
A spokesperson for the prime minister’s office said he could not comment on the situation, while the council’s seven voting members did not respond to requests for comment.
Council chairman Laurent Saint Cyr later issued a statement opposing any effort to weaken government stability at this critical juncture. He emphasized that Haiti is approaching major institutional deadlines, including February 7, when the transitional council is provisionally scheduled to step down.
“As major institutional deadlines for the nation approach, any initiative likely to fuel instability, confusion, or a breakdown of trust carries serious risks for the country,” Saint Cyr said.
He warned that unilateral decisions or short sighted political calculations could jeopardize the continuity of the state and further burden an already suffering population.
“Haiti cannot afford to make unilateral decisions or engage in short sighted political calculations that would compromise the stability and continuity of the state, as well as the well being of the already sorely tested population,” he added.
Haiti remains under intense international scrutiny as calls grow for elections to be held for the first time in nearly a decade, even as persistent violence and political uncertainty continue to complicate the path toward democratic governance.
Black Press
COMMENTARY: Structural Inequality Undermines Jamaica’s Schools
THE AFRO — Many educational institutions remain under-resourced, lacking adequate infrastructure, teaching materials and technological support. This resource gap disproportionately impacts students from marginalized communities as well as schools located in marginalized areas, thus perpetuating the cycle of inequality.
By Wayne Campbell, The AFRO
Despite strong teacher appraisals, Jamaica’s education system remains crippled by deep structural failures. According to the Jamaica Teachers’ Association, 93 percent of the nation’s teachers are rated satisfactory or above in their appraisals, yet, Jamaica’s education system continues to face significant challenges.
In many societies, classroom teachers are not accorded the respect they deserve within the education system. Unfortunately, this pervasive culture of disrespect often extends to other stakeholders. Ultimately, students’ outcomes suffer as a result of an education system steeped in the legacies of colonialism, with a central axis of underperformance driven by an over-reliance on external educational practices. The problems in Jamaica’s education system are rooted in deep structural issues: under-resourced schools, unequal access, poor working conditions, ineffective oversight mechanisms such as the school boards, weak and biased school leadership, the absence of fair and balanced opportunities for teacher promotion, inadequate parental guidance, curriculum reform, low literacy and numeracy outcomes. Unfortunately, teacher appraisal continues to be used as a masking agent for the systemic challenges in the education system.
Resource inequalities
Many educational institutions remain under-resourced, lacking adequate infrastructure, teaching materials and technological support. This resource gap disproportionately impacts students from marginalized communities as well as schools located in marginalized areas, thus perpetuating the cycle of inequality. This area of concern ultimately fosters a culture of unequal access. In a recent interview, Linvern Wright, president of the Jamaica Association of Principals of Secondary Schools noted that high school administrators continue to struggle to operate on an annual allocation of approximately $17,000 per student. He pointed out that this figure has remained unchanged for nearly a decade. Undoubtedly, this one size approach regarding funding cannot adequately address the unique circumstances of each school and must be revisited.
Unequal access
The United Nations states that despite modest improvements in literacy, hundreds of millions of people remain illiterate and women are disproportionately affected. Access to education remains uneven across the region and socioeconomic groups. Disturbing regional disparities exist in early childhood development, and sub-Saharan Africa is at a particular disadvantage. Sadly, schools in rural areas tend to struggle more with teacher shortages in the STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) areas. On the other hand, urban schools are often overcrowded where unequal access is still a problem.
Weak oversight mechanisms
Oversight bodies, such as school boards, frequently lack the human capacity, skills and impartiality to enforce accountability within the education system. This area of concern is both intentional and by design. As a result, ineffective governance contributes greatly to weak institutional performance and serves as a barrier to reform.
Leadership deficits
Too often we discount the role and impact of school leadership. Sadly, many of our schools suffer from a lack of transformational, instructional, ethical and compassionate leadership.
School leadership is often characterized by biased and weak management practices. This culture of leadership deficits undermines teacher morale, reduces trust in the system, negatively impacts students’ outcomes and compromises the implementation of effective educational strategies.
Parental involvement
Parental guidance and engagement remains inconsistent. Education is a partnership and without the strong support of parents and guardians students will face additional barriers to achieving mastery and proficiency in their academic pursuits. Too many parents have abandoned their roles in the hope that the school will fill the void. Global education systems must revisit how to re-engage parents so as to create a culture of stakeholder involvement which is necessary to predict a better educational outcome for all.
Curriculum implementation leadership
Carmel Roofe, professor of curriculum studies at the University of the West Indies has repeatedly called for reform regarding curriculum implementation in the education system. She stressed that those who are tasked to lead the process of curriculum implementation must demonstrate a number of key transformative curriculum skills. Among these are: knowledge of curriculum stages and models, intimate knowledge of the people, place and orality of specific context where the new curriculum is being implemented, basic research skills especially as it relates to previously implemented curricula and knowledgeable implementation leadership and practices.
Professor Roofe argues that orality is central to the lived curriculum. She added that Caribbean orality speaks to the everyday knowledge, language, actions and the Caribbean’s geopolitical context. Professor Roofe is of the view that curriculum implementation leadership underpinned by orality will encourage education stakeholders to move away from a one-size fit approach in implementing curriculum reform. It is quite evident that school leadership must be intentional and strategic in their selection regarding who is tasked to carry out the process of curriculum implementation in our schools.
Society should not be alarmed that curriculum implementation leadership is problematic across all layers of the education system. This duality concerning Jamaica’s education system is also transferred to the Curriculum Implementation Leadership. Those who are tasked with implementing curriculum leadership must be passionate to begin with. Those individuals must also be intimately familiar with the National Standards Curriculum (NSC) as well as other alternative pathways. Regrettably, in a significant number of times curriculum implementation leadership is grounded in a culture of preferential treatment. In order for curriculum implementation leadership to be successful, the stakeholders must share the collective vision and purpose.
Misuse of teacher appraisal
Teacher appraisal mechanisms are often punitive and subjective. Such mechanisms often are used as superficial solutions, masking deeper structural problems. The continuation along this pathway is problematic and does more harm to the human resources in the education system.
The way forward
Addressing Jamaica’s educational challenges requires political will as well as comprehensive reform that goes beyond teacher appraisal. Undoubtedly, there is a leadership crisis in the education system. So while society celebrates the achievements of a significant number of our students, we are mindful of the inequities within the education system. Professor Orlando Patterson, chair of the Jamaica Education Transformation Commission (JETC), characterized the Jamaican education system through a fundamental duality: a deep-seated structural divide between a high-performing elite tier and a vastly under-resourced public tier. All hands are required to truly build an inclusive education system.
Education remains a critical enabler for sustainable development. Inclusive, equitable and quality education for all speaks to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal #4, and as such governments must put in more effort to attain this. Without a doubt, more investments in resources, stronger governance mechanisms, leadership development including curriculum implementation leadership and parental involvement are essential ingredients to improving literacy and numeracy outcomes.
The opinions expressed in this commentary are those of the writer and not necessarily those of the AFRO or the National Newspaper Publishers Association.
Black Press
Trump Says He Is Saving Nigerian Christians. History Knows This Story Well.
NNPA NEWSWIRE — From 2020 through 2025, more Muslims than Christians were killed in religiously targeted attacks. Armed groups such as Boko Haram and ISIS–West Africa primarily kill Muslims who resist them, alongside Christians and others. The deadliest Christian losses have largely occurred in Nigeria’s Middle Belt, not in the northern regions struck by U.S. bombs.
By Stacy M. Brown
NNPA Newswire Senior National Correspondent
Donald Trump says U.S. bombs fell on Nigeria to protect Christians. That explanation does not survive memory, geography, or fact.
On Christmas Day, American missiles struck northern Nigeria. The administration said the targets were terrorists killing Christians. But the same administration had already stripped away humanitarian aid, dismantled U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) programs, shut asylum doors, and blocked visas for Nigerians fleeing violence. The hand that claimed salvation had already withdrawn food, medicine, and refuge.
Nigeria is not a parable. It is a place where Muslims and Christians live side by side, where violence grows from drought, land loss, criminal networks, and borders carved by European powers to guarantee friction long after independence. The bloodshed there is not governed by scripture. It is governed by scarcity and power.
Professor Uju Anya named the contradiction without decoration. “Trump says he’s protecting Nigerian Christians,” Anya said. “Trump shuts down USAID and kills Nigerian Christians. Trump bans asylum for Nigerian Christians. Trump bans visas for Nigerian Christians. Trump bombs Nigeria, causing more misery, insecurity, and instability for Nigerian Christians.”
That misery was predictable.
When USAID was dismantled, clinics closed and food support vanished. More than a quarter-million people in Nigeria relied directly on U.S.-backed assistance. Those lives were weighed and dismissed before the first missile was launched.
Then came the strikes.
Witnesses described missiles tearing into farmland and open fields. Anti-war journalist Dave DeCamp reported that multiple U.S. missiles failed to detonate, sinking into the ground. The operation cost nearly $30 million. No evidence was released tying the bombed areas to the killings Trump cited.
At the same time, the administration also bombed Somalia. By DeCamp’s count, U.S. Africa Command has carried out at least 127 airstrikes in Somalia this year alone, more than double the previous annual record. AFRICOM has largely stopped responding to press inquiries.
The facts on Nigeria further unravel the story being told.
From 2020 through 2025, more Muslims than Christians were killed in religiously targeted attacks. Armed groups such as Boko Haram and ISIS–West Africa primarily kill Muslims who resist them, alongside Christians and others. The deadliest Christian losses have largely occurred in Nigeria’s Middle Belt, not in the northern regions struck by U.S. bombs.
If the goal were protection, the map would not look like this.
Northern Nigeria sits beneath Niger and alongside Mali and Burkina Faso, members of the Sahel alliance that expelled Western military forces and reclaimed control over gold, gas, uranium, and other strategic minerals. Niger is one of the world’s leading suppliers of uranium. Mali and Burkina Faso sit atop vast gold reserves. Nigeria remains Africa’s largest oil producer and holds significant rare earth deposits.
This pattern is not new.
In a social media post, human rights lawyer Chief Malcolm Emokiniovon Omirhobo described the strikes as part of a broader design. “The United States of America is not interested in the lives of Black Christians in Northern Nigeria,” Omirhobo said. “The real interest of the U.S. is geostrategic control.”
He said Nigeria is being positioned as a military launchpad for pressure and potential regime-change operations against Niger, Mali, and Burkina Faso. “This has nothing to do with Christianity,” Omirhobo said. “This has everything to do with resources, power, and influence.”
The selective outrage has been noticed.
Former MSNBC host Keith Olbermann questioned why Trump claimed moral urgency over Christians in Nigeria while remaining silent about Christians killed during Russia’s war in Ukraine.
Members of Congress have also raised alarms. Texas Democratic Rep. Jasmine Crockett warned against normalizing evidence-free violence. “None of this should be normalized,” Crockett said, noting that Trump has bombed Iran, Iraq, Syria, Somalia, Nigeria, Yemen, and targets in the Caribbean and Eastern Pacific this year alone.
Nigeria is left with the consequences.
President Bola Ahmed Tinubu now governs a country pulled deeper into proxy conflict, religious polarization, and regional instability. History offers no reassurance. From Libya to Iraq to Afghanistan, U.S. bombs have never stayed to rebuild what they destroyed.
“When the dust settles,” Omirhobo warned. “The U.S. will leave just as it left Afghanistan, Iraq, and Libya, and Nigeria will be left to deal with the blowback: deeper insecurity, ethnic tension, religious polarization, and a weakened sovereignty.”
-
Black History4 days agoLatest Massacre in Haiti Reveals Cruelty U.S. Deportations
-
Black Press1 week agoProstate Cancer is Twice as Likely to Kill Black Men. Talking to Your Doctor Could Help Save Your Life
-
Featured1 week agoHeadlines and Hot Topics 📱
-
Black History7 days agoBooked and Unbound: The Legacy of Black Women’s Literary Circles
-
Black Press1 week agoPRESS ROOM: National Organization of Concerned Black Men (CBM) Celebrates 50 Years of Mentoring, Leadership, Legacy
-
Featured1 week agoTCWAM 09-08-2026 📱

