Black History
The Golden Thirteen
CHICAGO CRUSADER — It was a time when America’s military branches were segregated, thanks to President Woodrow Wilson, who, during World War I, created the draft and called it “Selective Service” to encourage men to enlist and serve their country. Wilson also declared Jim Crow the law of the land, segregating the military branches, parks, schools, businesses, and neighborhoods across the country.
For 146 years, the U.S. Navy had no Black officers until 13 Black men — many from Chicago — endured the pain and humiliation of segregation to blaze the trail for thousands of Black sailors. On the 75th anniversary of their historic achievement on a naval base, they remain forgotten, unsung heroes who served a country that gave them little respect.
EDITOR’S NOTE: This story was first published in the Chicago Crusader on May 25, 2019
Spring was settling in Chicago in March 1944. In Waukegan, some 41 miles north of the city, a historic event broke a racial barrier that had existed for 146 years in the U.S. Navy. Thirteen Black sailors successfully navigated through the pain and humiliation of racism and segregation to become the first Black commissioned officers in the Navy. They eventually became known as the “Golden Thirteen.”
In their crisp naval uniforms, they turned heads, erased doubts, and sparked a movement that angered many whites. On top of the world, they served a country that still hated them as they blazed the trail for thousands of future sailors of color. On the 75th anniversary of their historic achievement, they remain unsung, forgotten heroes whose achievement changed the Navy and countless lives of Blacks forever.
This Memorial Day weekend, thousands will attend parades and ceremonies to remember and honor the lives of the men and women who sacrificed and served their country. Few will remember the contributions of a group of Blacks who fought their own country for the right to serve their homeland with the same respect and dignity as anyone else.
It was a time when America’s military branches were segregated, thanks to President Woodrow Wilson, who, during World War I, created the draft and called it “Selective Service” to encourage men to enlist and serve their country. Wilson also declared Jim Crow the law of the land, segregating the military branches, parks, schools, businesses, and neighborhoods across the country. During Wilson’s presidency in 1915, “Birth of a Nation,” a movie that had been criticized for perpetuating stereotypes of Black men, was shown in the White House’s East Room.

The twelve commissioned officers, and a warrant officer who received his rank at the same time, came to be known as the “Golden Thirteen”. March 17, 1944 photo Top row: John Walter Reagan, Jesse Walter Arbor, Dalton Louis Baugh, Frank Ellis Sublett. Middle row: Graham Edward Martin, Charles Byrd Lear, Phillip George Barnes, Reginald E. Goodwin. Bottom row: James Edward Hair, Samuel Edward Barnes, George Clinton Cooper, William Sylvester White, Dennis Denmark Nelson. (Photo courtesy of the U.S. Navy).
Under the Wilson administration, very few Black people served in the Navy. In August 1919, the Navy stopped enlisting Blacks, according to author Paul Stillwell’s “The Golden Thirteen: Recollections of the First Black Naval Officers.” By 1932, Blacks made up only .55 percent of the enlisted force in the Navy, according to Stillwell.
Most Black sailors who served in the Navy were messmen, entry-level positions that involved cleaning busy kitchens and eating areas, which were often hard to keep clean. Messmen also served as waiters and were responsible for maintaining a sufficient supply of clean linen and utensils for chefs. It was a job that kept them on their feet constantly, but gave them little respect among white sailors.
Then-Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox was opposed to allowing Black and white sailors to train and live together while they served their country.
Knox was also opposed to having Black officers.
The Navy held firm to not allowing Black sailors into ratings other than messmen. They feared that if Blacks advanced to officer status, they would not be strong leaders over their subordinate white sailors. Blacks who had risen to chief steward still had no authority over lower-rated enlisted white men in the general services.
In the 1930s, Congress appointed two Black civilians as midshipmen to the prestigious U.S. Naval Academy, but white officers at Annapolis soon encouraged them to seek careers in other fields.
In 1941, a committee established to investigate opportunities for Blacks in the Marine Corps concluded that no changes were needed regarding race.
Things began to change when the NAACP and other outside organizations pressured President Franklin D. Roosevelt to expand opportunities for Black sailors in the Navy. In January 1942, Roosevelt began pressuring Knox to place Black sailors in positions higher than messmen. On April 7, 1942, the Navy agreed to begin accepting Blacks for general service on June 1 of that year. These new recruits were still not allowed to serve on ships, but only in small defense crafts. Many Blacks would continue to serve as messmen.
On July 1, 1943, the Navy created the V-12 program to beef up its officer training for wartime service. The college-oriented program combined education with officer training. There was a push to include Black people in the program, but Knox resisted. In late March that year, President Roosevelt directed Knox to include Black students in testing for the V-12 program.
It was a change in Navy policy that was kept extremely low-key. There were no publicity campaigns or newspaper advertisements, leaving many organizations unaware of the historic change. A number of Blacks had excellent scores and were admitted. In November, Samuel Gravely, Jr. was among the V-12 graduates, later becoming the Navy’s first Black admiral in 1971.
The Golden Thirteen came about when Civil Rights pioneer, Mary McLeod Bethune, convinced President Roosevelt to have Black officers in the Navy, according to Captain Roosevelt “Rick” Wright, a Navy historian who served 22 years in the military, including the Army and the Navy. He serves on the board of directors at the National Naval Officers Association, an organization of Black members who have served in the Navy and U.S. Coast Guard.
Sixteen Blacks were chosen for V-12 training. Navy officials picked extra men to reach the desired total of 12. Several of the 16 men had college degrees and were lawyers, athletes, and teachers.
Many of those chosen were either born or raised in Chicago, including: Jesse Arbor, who worked as a Pullman car porter and as doorman at the defunct Chicago Beach Hotel in Hyde Park; Reginald Goodwin, who became a successful attorney after he retired from the Navy; John W. Reagan, who graduated from Lindblom High School in Englewood; Frank E. Sublett Jr., who grew up in suburban Highland Park and Glencoe on Chicago’s North Shore; Lewis Williams, a social worker; and William White, a U.S. judge who graduated from Hyde Park High School and earned both a bachelors and a law degree from the University of Chicago by 1937.
Other Golden Thirteen members included: James E. Hare, Samuel E. Barnes, George C. Cooper, Dennis Nelson, Warrant Officer Charles Lear, Phillip G. Barnes, and Dalton Baugh.
There is little information available about the lives of many members of the Golden Thirteen. The Navy has photos and some data, but there is no data available at the U.S. Library of Congress and the National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, D.C.
For this story, the Crusader relied on information from Stillwell’s book, which was written with the help of James E. Hare, Jr., the son of one of the members of the Golden Thirteen. The book, published in 1993, includes the stories of eight of the Black naval officers, who give rare insights to their experiences before and after their historic achievement.
In January 1944, the men began their training at the Great Lakes Naval Training Station in Waukegan, IL. They were confined to the all-Black training facility Camp Robert Smalls, named after an escaped slave from South Carolina who had been a hero in the Navy during the Civil War. The 16 Black recruits trained under Commander Daniel Armstrong, whose father founded the HBCU Hampton University in Hampton, VA.
For the next three months, the men would spend long hours studying navigation, gunnery, aircraft recognition, naval history, Morse code and survival techniques. In Stillwell’s book, Samuel Barnes said during training the men forged a strong bond.
“At an early meeting, while discussing our studies, we decided that whatever knowledge any one of us had on a given topic would be shared with everyone else. We decided not to compete with other members of the group, so we had many study sessions together. We were determined to succeed in spite of the burdens that would be placed on us. We knew that we were the foot in the door for many other Black sailors, and we were determined not to be the ones who were responsible for having the foot removed.”
There were some intense moments. One Black sailor had vitiligo, a skin disease in Blacks that causes patches of skin with no pigmentation. During a strip down, a group of white sailors laughed and picked at a Black sailor whose genitals were half-white and half-black. To break the tension in the room, the officer candidate made light of the situation by saying he was raised in a white neighborhood. The Black sailors remained angry, but went back to work without retaliating.
“We were under a lot of pressure during training,” Hare told Stillwell. “We were cooped up in that barracks (sic) almost all the time, and we knew we had to make it. Our goal in this class took precedence over Jim Crowism, racism and harassment, and insults. We had to operate as controlled individuals. We would get many, many insults.”
All 16 recruits passed the training, but only 13 were commissioned as officers. There were no formal graduation ceremonies because Navy officials wanted to keep the achievement low-key to avoid publicity that would attract more Black recruits.
Twelve Black recruits were commissioned as ensigns, an officer who ranks below a lieutenant and higher than a chief warrant officer. Lear was commissioned as a warrant officer. The three other trainees who did not make it pursued other careers. The class grade-point average during graduation was 3.89.
“To this day, those guys had the highest grade-point average than any graduation class of any officers in Great Lakes,” said Captain Wright.
According to Stillwell, some 2.5 million men were serving the Navy that month. About 100,000 sailors and recruits flooded the Great Lakes base, and over 3,000 officers were commissioned in the first six months of 1944 alone. Those figures made the achievement of just 13 Black naval officers extraordinary.
Great Lakes Navy Station. More than one month after they were commissioned, Knox—the Secretary of the Navy who had fought long against integrating his ranks—died after a string of heart attacks.
After they were commissioned as naval officers, the men went to a tailor in Chicago to be fitted for their uniforms. Dennis Nelson, the most flamboyant member of the group, bought the optional naval officer cape. The group then went to the Palmer House Hotel in the Loop and had “dinner with all the trimmings,” as Reagan described it. Nelson pulled out a cigar and asked a white lady nearby if he could smoke.
She said, “I don’t give a damn if you burn.”
After they were commissioned, the 13 men were known as those “Negro naval officers” or later, as “those Black naval officers.” They had no identity until the 1970s when a Captain Edward Secrest learned about the group and coined the term, “Golden Thirteen.” They angered many with their skin color, but their status as naval officers made white sailors and civilians hate them even more.
During training, the men weren’t allowed inside the elite Great Lakes Naval Club—the social gathering place for white officers—despite their status. When Samuel Barnes entered the Naval Club in Okinawa, Japan—months after he was commissioned—nearly all the white officers got up and walked out.
The Black naval officers were never assigned on ships, like their white counterparts. Initially, they were forced to follow white officers of the same rank all day, while acting as junior officers.
On the streets and trains in Chicago, whites often stopped and stared at them. Most had never seen a Black man in a naval officer’s uniform. Since 1798, the Navy had never had a full, active duty, Black naval officer.
Graham Martin told Stillwell that while he was on a naval base after he was commissioned, a white sailor did not salute him when he walked by. He called the sailor and asked why he did not salute an officer. The sailor did not answer. Martin took off his hat and held it out in front of him and said, “Now, salute the insignia of the United States Navy.”
The white sailor saluted and said smartly, “But you do understand that I’m not saluting you.”
In Newport News, VA, a passerby approached George Cooper, his wife and daughter on the street and said, “You Black son of a bitch, I read about you guys, but I never thought I’d meet one.”
In Oxnard, CA, Reagan called the naval base after a waiter in a restaurant wanted to seat him in the back, near the kitchen. A white officer showed up and reminded the establishment how much business it received from the naval base nearby. Reagan got the seat he wanted.
None of the members of the Golden Thirteen made a career in the Navy. They were briefly together in 1944, but went their separate ways on assignments after they became naval officers.
For the next several decades, they would come back and reminisce during reunions sponsored by the Navy. All 13 members of the Golden Thirteen are gone. The last surviving member, Frank E. Sublett, died in 2006.
“Their incredible leadership and commission in the Navy laid the foundation that produced admirals, officers and other leaders in the military,” Captain Wright said.
Since 1994, thousands of Blacks have made gains while serving in the Navy. In 1949, Wesley A. Brown became the first Black graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland. William Goines became the first Black Navy Seal, a military team created by President John F. Kennedy in 1962.
Samuel L. Gravely Jr. was promoted to rear admiral in July 1971, making him the first African American to reach flag officer rank of admiral. In 1996, Admiral J. Paul Reason became the Navy’s first African-American four-star admiral on November 15, 1996. Rear Admiral Lillian E. Fishburne became the first African-American woman Navy flag officer in February 1998. There are at least 115 African-American male captains and 22 female captains. On the enlisted side, there are 268 male master chiefs and 15 female master chiefs.
In 1987, Recruit Training Command cut the ribbon for the “Golden Thirteen” Recruit Inprocessing Center. A plaque that bears the name of all 13 members remains on the building. The facility is the location where recruits experience their first “Night of Arrival,” after they report to boot camp. Here, they receive their initial issue of uniform items, haircuts and begin the civilian to Sailor transformation process.
Runzel said there are some programs that honor the memory of the Golden Thirteen, but said there will be no ceremony to mark the 75th anniversary of the historic achievement of the group.
Based on reporting by Chicago Crusader.
Black History
Together Building Back Better
AFRICAN-AMERICAN NEWS AND ISSUES – DALLAS — For more than 57 years, the SHAPE Community Center has served as a cornerstone of Houston’s Third Ward, providing essential programs based on principles of unity and collective responsibility. Known as “The United Nations of The ‘Hood,” the center recently faced its most difficult challenge following a devastating electrical fire at the Nia Becnel Family Center.
I’m going through the most challenging experience of my life with SHAPE,” said Deloyd Parker. He has served as the executive director of the historic SHAPE Community Center for over 57 years and is still energetic and driven by the love of serving the people. Known as “The United Nations of The ‘Hood,” SHAPE is a precious cornerstone of Houston’s Third Ward, serving generations of families through programs and activities, with emphasis on Unity, Self-Determination, Collective Work & Responsibility, Cooperative Economics, Purpose, Creativity, and Faith.
January 2027 will mark two years since a devastating electrical fire took place at SHAPE’s Nia Becnel Family Center, located at 3815 Live Oak. The building and priceless historical items were significantly damaged and lost. That included the “Wall of Fame” photo collection that adorned the interior walls. Nedzra Ward, President of the Board of Directors, shared how the fi rst few days aft er the fire were very trying for everyone who loved SHAPE and those who visited the sacred grounds were in shock and silence. “We knew we had to start working to get things back up,” said Ms. Ward who has been apart of SHAPE’s staff and board for decades. In the aftermath, Ms. Ward called the insurance company and then reached out to Charles Cave to be the lead project manager. They also reached out to engineers Brian Smith, Barbara Smith and Frank Brown, and other experts to formulate the group known as Together Building Back Better (TBBB).
The team met weekly at the Harambee Admin Building located at 3903 Almeda Rd. And to continue serving the people, Mr. Parker and team worked to get that building certified and operational, especially for the children. “Deloyd never stopped. He was the driving force for everything. He made sure that someone was taking care of licenses and that this place was being refigured. His whole goal was to have these kids back and in a safe environment,” said Ms. Ward. “We have served the people for 57 years and as a result of serving the people, the people are coming through,” said Mr. Parker. “It’s going to take more than a fi re to put us out.
Volunteers from the community stepped up to help at Harambee Admin Building. Many programs, events and activities have resumed including the weekly Elders Institute of Wisdom and enrollment is now open for the 2026-2027 After School Enrichment Program. Soft opening scheduled for November The desire was to reopen the gutted Live Oak location within a year but Ms. Ward and Mr. Cave described the many challenges SHAPE has faced in this rebuilding effort. The insurance did not cover everything that’s needed and tariffs
The post TOGETHER BUILDING BACK BETTER appeared first on African American News and Issues.
Based on reporting by African-American News and Issues – Dallas.
Black History
COMMENTARY: Bring on the Positive Calvary
SEATTLE MEDIUM — Dr. E. Faye Williams addresses the exhaustion many Americans feel following two years of political hostility, corruption, and systemic bigotry.
(Trice Edney Wire)—Like Amy Acton, candidate for Governor in Ohio and Dr. Abdul El-sayed for U.S. Senate in Michigan, the Positive Calvary really is coming soon! Aren’t we all tired of the negative past two years we’ve experienced in the U.S.? Aren’t we tired of the atrocious accusations being thrown around, the filthy language, lies, unending corruption, hatred, racism, sexism, Islamophobia, and bigotry of all kinds. This election season has been worse than ever! I’m sick and tired of women’s names being dragged through the mud—as mine, and others have been out of hate and jealousy. I’m tired of so many people being reluctant to support women. Let’s be the ones to stop this
I’m ready to hear in detail what candidates are ready to do to win the upcoming elections and give help to the people in need—and there are a lot of things from which to choose!
My prayer is that candidates will stop bickering and just tell us what they’re planning to do to help to bring us out of this abysmal situation we’re in now. Instead of spending so much time being shocked by what the highest elected man in the land is saying and doing, let’s concentrate on how to put up guard rails for him when we vote We already know more than enough about what he has said and done. Let’s pledge to elect leaders who’ve shown they care about the people they campaign to represent. There are a lot of good candidates out there who are being overshadowed by the bickering
Let’s not leave everything to elected leaders. As community activists, Get Out the Vote workers, religious leaders and all the good people around us. Show the way to a better nation to all around us. Let’s concentrate on what we are going to do to help people in need. Let’s work on plans to make their lives better. Let’s pledge to get along with our neighbors at home, and our neighbors in Canada, our friends in Ukraine and stop being led by someone who hangs out with those set on disrupting our system of democracy. Ignore the wrecking balls who are more interested in tearing down monuments and praising themselves, supporting evil with lies and unbelievable positions on good people, those who are destroying our military and using government and our taxes on evil things.
Let’s call out corruption, but don’t participate in it. Let us ignore lies about good candidates at all levels. Let’s support the left out. Jamie Davis, a Black man in Louisiana, is a leading candidate for the U.S. Senate. We don’t have to live in Louisiana or be a Democrat or a farmer to support him when you see how much trouble the person running against him is dealing with something people don’t want.
We can vote across party lines when that candidate has expressed the good things she/he will work for when elected. Never mind that in this case she has an R after her name. I know Monique Appeaning in Louisiana who worked in my campaign for Congress when she was a very young woman. I missed winning by a few votes to become the first Black woman to represent my home state in Congress. Forty years later, there has still been no Black woman in the Louisiana delegation. Monique has chosen to pick up the challenge and give my hope life so that other young Black women can have hope in refusing to allow any good thing to be beyond their reach
You know right from wrong, so don’t be afraid to vote for what’s right in a few days. Always promote good. Dr. Abdul El-Sayed and Amy Acton deserve your vote if you are in Ohio or Michigan. Yes, you know right from wrong, so do what’s right wherever you are.
Based on reporting by Seattle Medium.
Black History
Retirement Triggers Doctor to Pen Book for Young Audience
THE CHAMPION NEWSPAPER — After more than 35 years as a pediatric surgeon, Dr. Deborah Burton has transitioned from the operating room to the world of young adult literature. Writing under the pen name MD Burton, the retired Marietta physician recently released her debut sci-fi fantasy mystery novel, Invisible Cages: The Alynthia Quest.
After more than 35 years as a pediatric surgeon, Deborah Burton retired but didn’t give up one of the most rewarding aspects of her career—connecting with young people.
Burton used writing and her imagination to create a young adult sci-fi fantasy mystery novel, Invisible Cages: The Alynthia Quest, under the pen name MD Burton. Her debut novel launched in early October, and Burton said she’s been delighted with the responses so far.
The novel follows Jade Babington who leads a team of resourceful friends as they join an elite organization to crack a spy network and embark on a high-tech adventure to find answers. Her quest is complicated by powers that surge through her body, and to be successful, she needs to understand her family roots, embrace her emerging talents, and step into her legacy, according to a press release.
Through the book, readers are introduced to a range of characters who work in STEM and healthcare careers which Burton hopes will inspire readers to consider pursuing careers in some of those areas.
Burton moved to Dunwoody in 1995 and ran a successful pediatric ear, nose, and throat practice in Marietta. She retired in 2021 but missed the educational moments she shared with her young patients.
“I talk to kids all the time,” said Burton, adding that she likes to share insight into the many career paths in healthcare. “I love to educate and empower.”
She said she worked on the book for five years, researching coding, microchips, and satellites.
“It was a learning journey,” she remarked.
The book explores themes of self-acceptance, girl empowerment through strong female characters, the importance of family, and STEM exposure, states the press release. Set on a fictional health complex, the novel introduces readers to healthcare careers, as well as engineering and computer science.
The author also had to delve into unique aspects of her main character.
“Jade has powers and sees auras,” she explained. “So I spent a good amount of time learning about auras, telepathy and magical realism.”
In addition, to providing insight to STEM and healthcare careers, Burton hopes the books help her teen female readers dealing with insecurities to better understand and appreciate what makes them unique and the power they possess. She also hopes it will build self-confidence.
“You have to accept who you are,” she said. “Whatever your differences are, everybody’s got them, embrace them.”
Burton said she originally planned the book to be a seven-part series but on the advice of her edit changed it to four parts.
“I know what my end goal is,” said Burton noting that she’s included Easter eggs in the first book to entice readers throughout the reading process and has a completed outline for the other books in the series. After completing an audiobook of Invisible Cages: The Alynthia Quest by the end of the year, Burton plans to start writing the next book in 2027.
On Nov. 15, a book signing is scheduled at the Politan Row food hall in Dunwoody.
The self-published book is available in eBook, paperback, and hardback formats, on Amazon, Barnes & Noble, and other online retailers.
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Based on reporting by The Champion Newspaper.
Black History
Metro Detroit Faith Leaders Call out Islamophobia in Michigan Senate Race
MICHIGAN CHRONICLE — Faith leaders from diverse religious backgrounds gathered Thursday at the downtown Detroit United Methodist Church to denounce the rise of Islamophobic rhetoric in Michigan’s U.S. Senate race. Clergy members, including representatives from Christian, Jewish, and Muslim traditions, expressed concern over religious identity being used as a weapon in the final weeks before the general election.
Faith leaders of different religions came together Thursday afternoon inside the downtown Detroit United Methodist Church to oppose Islamophobic rhetoric that’s ramped up ahead of the Nov. 3 general election.
“In the final weeks of Michigan’s U.S. Senate race, we have watched religious identity used as a weapon,” said Rev. Paul Perez, who leads the downtown Detroit church.
Perez and other faith leaders said at the press conference they weren’t endorsing a candidate, but compassion and understanding as Michigan voters decide who to send to the U.S. Senate.
Democratic nominee Abdul El-Sayed would be the first Muslim ever elected to the U.S. Senate. His identity is being used by supporters of Rogers’ campaign to cast doubt on his loyalty to the U.S. Constitution.
Earlier this month, El-Sayed’s Republican opponent, former U.S. Rep. Mike Rogers agreed with a social media post calling El-Sayed a terrorist.
“The charge of dual loyalty has been thrown at Jews for generations,” says Rabbi Alana Alpert, of Ferndale’s Congregation T’chiyah. “When we hear it aimed at our Muslim neighbors we recognize it. And we will not let it be used against anyone.”
At an El-Sayed event Thursday at the Wayne State Fieldhouse, an ant-Muslim activist Cam Higby interrupted his rally as El-Sayed began his remarks.
“Why do you take money from members of the Muslim Brotherhood?” Higby shouted before being escorted out of the gymnasium.
TV and digital ads echo the charge against El-Sayed that he is connected to designated terrorist organizations, which he has denied. He has disavowed and condemned Hamas, the military group controlling Gaza, and the Muslim Brotherhood, a decentralized movement with a long history in Egypt.
While tweets from his half-sister suggest she and her mother had sympathetic attitudes toward the organization, no evidence has been produced that points to El-Sayed being affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood.
In an interview with Michigan Chronicle, Higby said he doesn’t believe Muslims belong in America. That sentiment is often found in online replies and comments from accounts run by conservative Christians.
sd Democratic voters have also expressed skepticism about El-Sayed’s faith.
Ahead of the primary election, Farmington Hills School Board member Angie Smith caused an uproar online after she told Michigan Chronicle she wasn’t sure whether El-Sayed could represent everybody.
“Don’t come out speaking only Arabic; don’t come out with your Arabic music on; represent everyone,” Smith said.
She later apologized for the comments.
At Thursday’s press conference, Imam Steve Mustapha Elturk of Warren’s Islamic Organization of North America, shared a story about how he eventually earned the trust of new neighbors who feared his congregation was bringing Sharia law when they arrived.
“When a person’s faith is treated as evidence for disloyalty, every Muslim family hears that message. Our children hear it. They come home from school and ask, ‘Are we really American?,’” Elturk said. I want to answer them today from this pulpit surrounded by our Christian and Jewish brothers and sisters, yes, we are Americans. Yes, we are Americans. Our faith is protected by the same Constitution that protects every other faith.”
Pastor Louis Forsythe II of Detroit’s Pleasant Grove Baptist Church, said that liberation of Christians, Jewish and Muslims are tied together.
“The Black church knows what it means to have our loyalty questioned,” Forsythe said. “We know what it means to be told we are less than full citizens. We are called un-American for demanding the rights of the Constitution promised us.
“Our faith carried us through that, and it was the faith of others standing beside us that helped bend this nation toward justice. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote from a Birmingham jail that injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.”
Based on reporting by Michigan Chronicle.
Art
Brooklyn Roots and Artistic Genius
THE POSITIVE COMMUNITY — Jean-Michel Basquiat emerged from Brooklyn to become one of the most influential artists of the late twentieth century. Born in 1960 to a Haitian father and a mother of Puerto Rican descent, his upbringing was defined by a rich blend of Caribbean cultural traditions and the linguistic diversity of New York City.
Jean-Michel Basquiat was one of the most influential artists to emerge from New York City during the late twentieth century. Born on December 22, 1960, in Brooklyn, New York, he transformed his experiences growing up in the city into a distinctive artistic language that combined painting, poetry, history, music, and social commentary. His work explored Black identity, racism, power, and the experiences of people whose stories had often been overlooked by mainstream institutions. Although his career lasted only a few years, Basquiat left a lasting mark on contemporary art.
Basquiat grew up in a family that exposed him to several cultural influences. His father, Gérard Basquiat, was born in Haiti, while his mother, Matilde Andrades, was born in New York to Puerto Rican parents. Through his parents, Jean-Michel was connected to Haitian, Puerto Rican, and broader Caribbean cultural traditions. Growing up in Brooklyn, he experienced the diversity of New York City, where different languages, communities, musical styles, and artistic expressions existed side by side. These influences would later become visible in his paintings, which frequently incorporated historical references, handwritten words, and symbols.
His mother played an important role in encouraging his early interest in art. Matilde recognized her son’s artistic ability and introduced him to museums, books, and cultural experiences. One important childhood event occurred when Basquiat was seven years old and was struck by a car while playing in the street. During his recovery, his mother gave him a copy of Gray’s Anatomy, a medical reference book that illustrated the human body in considerable detail. Its anatomical drawings influenced his lifelong interest in skeletons, skulls, and the internal structures of the human body. These images later became recurring features in his artwork.
Basquiat was one of four children born to Gérard and Matilde, although the family had experienced the loss of an older son before his birth. He had two younger sisters, Lisane and Jeanine, with whom he shared his early family life. His parents eventually separated, and his mother experienced periods of serious personal difficulties that affected the family. These circumstances formed part of a complicated childhood that included both encouragement and hardship. Although his family relationships were not always easy, his mother’s early support for his artistic interests remained an important influence on his development.
Basquiat’s upbringing was also shaped by language and cultural diversity. He grew up speaking English, French, and Spanish, reflecting the backgrounds of his parents and the environment in which he was raised. In 1974, his family moved to Puerto Rico for a period before returning to Brooklyn in 1976. These experiences exposed him to different cultural perspectives and helped establish the broad historical and cultural interests that later appeared in his work. His paintings often included words and references drawn from different languages, histories, and communities, creating a visual expression of his multicultural identity.
As a teenager, Basquiat became increasingly connected to Manhattan’s downtown art and music scenes. He eventually left home and supported himself through various activities, including selling handmade postcards and painted T-shirts. Along with his friend Al Diaz, he began creating cryptic graffiti under the name SAMO, short for “Same Old.” Their messages appeared on walls around Lower Manhattan and attracted attention for their wit, unusual phrasing, and criticism of established social and cultural conventions. This early work helped Basquiat develop a reputation as an original voice in New York’s underground creative community.
By the early 1980s, Basquiat had moved from street-based expression into the world of professional painting. His work attracted attention through exhibitions that introduced his distinctive style to collectors, critics, and fellow artists. His paintings combined bold colors, rough lines, repeated symbols, handwritten phrases, and images of human figures. Rather than following traditional expectations of polished painting, he created works that appeared energetic, fragmented, and emotionally direct. His artistic approach reflected the rhythms of New York City, where street culture, hip-hop’s emerging influence, punk music, and experimental art intersected.
A central theme in Basquiat’s work was the experience of Black people in a society shaped by racial inequality. He frequently portrayed historical figures, athletes, musicians, and other individuals whose achievements deserved recognition. Crowns appeared throughout his paintings as symbols that could suggest dignity, authority, and the importance of people who had been marginalized. His work also challenged colonialism, racism, and the unequal distribution of power. Rather than presenting history as a distant collection of events, Basquiat brought it into the present, encouraging viewers to consider whose stories were celebrated and whose were neglected.
Music was another important element of Basquiat’s creative life. He played in a band that eventually became known as Gray, exploring experimental sounds alongside his visual art. He was influenced by jazz and the broader musical culture of New York, and his paintings often possess a rhythm that resembles improvisation. Words, marks, and images seem to compete for attention while creating an overall composition. His artistic process shared something with jazz musicians who build a performance through experimentation, repetition, and unexpected changes. This connection between music and painting helped distinguish Basquiat from many of his contemporaries.
Basquiat also developed a significant relationship with Andy Warhol, one of the most recognizable artists of the twentieth century. The two artists collaborated on paintings during the 1980s, combining different approaches to imagery, color, and popular culture. Their relationship brought Basquiat into contact with an influential figure in the established art world, although it also highlighted the tensions between artistic creativity, celebrity, and commercial success. As his reputation grew, Basquiat had to navigate an industry that increasingly treated his identity and personal story as part of the appeal of his work. Nevertheless, he continued to produce paintings that expressed his individual perspective and challenged conventional ideas about art.
Despite his extraordinary success, Basquiat’s life was tragically short. He died in New York City on August 12, 1988, at just 27 years old, from an accidental drug overdose. His death ended a remarkably productive period in which he had moved from an underground artist in Brooklyn and Manhattan to an internationally recognized painter. His final years have also encouraged broader discussions about the pressures faced by young artists, the demands of celebrity, and the difficulties of maintaining personal well-being while working in a highly competitive industry. His death remains a painful reminder of the distance between public recognition and the private struggles a person may experience.
Today, Jean-Michel Basquiat’s legacy extends far beyond the galleries in which his paintings are displayed. His work is held by major museums, studied by scholars, and admired by artists across generations. His Brooklyn upbringing, Haitian and Puerto Rican heritage, family experiences, and encounters with New York’s streets all contributed to the development of an artistic vision that was unmistakably his own. Basquiat demonstrated that an artist did not need to follow traditional academic pathways to create work of lasting significance. His paintings continue to speak about identity, inequality, history, and the power of creative expression. From the streets of New York to the world’s leading museums, Basquiat remains a symbol of artistic independence and the enduring influence of Black creativity.
Based on reporting by The Positive Community.
Art
Capturing Black Life’s Beauty
THE POSITIVE COMMUNITY — Deana Lawson is an acclaimed American photographer and visual artist whose work explores Black identity, family, and spirituality through powerful portraiture. Born in Rochester, New York, in 1979, Lawson developed a distinctive aesthetic that blends carefully arranged compositions with emotionally compelling subjects.
Deana Lawson is an acclaimed American photographer and visual artist whose powerful portraits explore Black identity, family, spirituality, intimacy, and the complexities of everyday life. Born in 1979 in Rochester, New York, Lawson has developed a distinctive approach to photography that combines carefully arranged compositions with emotionally compelling subjects. Her images often resemble scenes from family photo albums, yet they possess a theatrical quality that encourages viewers to look beyond the surface. Through her work, Lawson challenges conventional representations of Black people and presents images that celebrate their humanity, individuality, beauty, and cultural richness.
Lawson’s interest in photography developed partly through her family’s relationship with the medium. Her father was an enthusiastic family photographer, and the photographs he collected helped shape her understanding of how images preserve memories and communicate identity. Growing up surrounded by family pictures gave her an appreciation for the significance of documenting everyday experiences. She recognized that family photographs do more than record appearances; they capture relationships, traditions, aspirations, and moments that become part of a family’s history. These early influences would eventually become central to her artistic practice, inspiring her to examine how photographs shape our understanding of ourselves and the people around us.
Her formal education provided the foundation for a successful career in the visual arts. Lawson earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in photography from Pennsylvania State University in 2001 before completing a Master of Fine Arts degree at the Rhode Island School of Design in 2004. During her studies, she developed the technical and conceptual skills necessary to create photographs that communicate complex ideas. Rather than concentrating exclusively on conventional documentary photography, Lawson explored the possibilities of staging, portraiture, lighting, and composition. Her work demonstrates that photography can occupy a space between reality and imagination, documenting actual people while constructing carefully considered scenes that communicate broader emotional and cultural truths.
One of the most recognizable characteristics of Lawson’s photography is her attention to detail. She carefully considers the positioning of her subjects, the arrangement of furniture, the colors within a room, and the relationship between people and their surroundings. Bedrooms, living rooms, and other domestic spaces frequently become important settings in her photographs. Everyday objects, including mirrors, religious items, toys, clothing, and household decorations, help establish a sense of personal history. These details give viewers the impression that they are entering an intimate environment, while the deliberate composition encourages them to consider what the image communicates about family, identity, and belonging.
Lawson frequently photographs Black individuals, couples, and families in poses that communicate dignity, confidence, vulnerability, and emotional complexity. Her subjects often look directly into the camera, establishing a powerful connection with the viewer. Their expressions may appear serious, mysterious, or quietly contemplative. This direct gaze gives the people in her photographs a strong visual presence, making it difficult to treat them as passive subjects. Instead, they appear self-possessed and fully aware of their place within the image. Lawson’s approach challenges stereotypes that have historically influenced the representation of Black people in photography and popular culture, replacing simplistic narratives with images that emphasize individuality and humanity.
Her photographs also explore spirituality, a theme that adds another dimension to her artistic vision. Religious imagery, symbolic objects, unusual gestures, and carefully controlled lighting sometimes give her compositions an almost sacred atmosphere. Lawson’s images may resemble familiar domestic scenes while simultaneously suggesting something mysterious or otherworldly. This combination encourages viewers to consider the spiritual dimensions of ordinary life and the ways people seek meaning through relationships, traditions, and personal beliefs. Her photographs do not always offer clear explanations, allowing ambiguity to become part of their emotional power. The viewer is invited to interpret the scene and consider how visible appearances may conceal deeper experiences.
Although Lawson is deeply interested in African American life, her artistic vision extends throughout the African diaspora. A Guggenheim Fellowship in 2013 supported travel that included destinations such as Haiti, Jamaica, Ethiopia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. These experiences expanded her perspective on the relationships connecting Black communities across different countries and cultural traditions. Her photographs explore similarities and differences in how people express identity, beauty, family, spirituality, and social belonging. Rather than suggesting that Black experiences are identical everywhere, Lawson’s work acknowledges the richness and diversity of Black life. Her international perspective places individual portraits within a broader conversation about history, migration, ancestry, and cultural connection.
Among her notable works is Roxie and Raquel, New Orleans, Louisiana (2010), a portrait featuring twin sisters positioned together on a bed. The carefully arranged composition emphasizes both their resemblance and their individuality, while the surrounding furnishings and colors contribute to the photograph’s visual balance. Another important work, Nation (2018), demonstrates Lawson’s interest in constructing images that carry symbolic and cultural significance. Her photographs often invite extended examination because their meaning emerges through the relationship between the subjects, their gestures, and the surrounding environment. These images illustrate her ability to transform seemingly ordinary moments into compositions that feel monumental, mysterious, and emotionally resonant.
Lawson’s achievements have brought her work to some of the most respected institutions in the art world. In 2020, she became the first photographer to receive the prestigious Hugo Boss Prize, an award recognizing significant contemporary artistic achievement. The recognition led to Centropy, an exhibition at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York in 2021. Her work has also been presented at the Museum of Modern Art, MoMA PS1, the Institute of Contemporary Art in Boston, and the High Museum of Art in Atlanta. In 2022, she received the Deutsche Börse Photography Foundation Prize. Beyond her exhibitions, Lawson has contributed to art education through her work at Princeton University, where she serves as the inaugural Dorothy Krauklis ’78 Professor of Visual Arts.
Ultimately, Deana Lawson’s significance lies in her ability to make photography a powerful vehicle for cultural affirmation and artistic exploration. Her portraits challenge viewers to reconsider familiar assumptions about Black identity while celebrating the beauty, complexity, and emotional depth of Black communities. By combining elements of documentary photography, family albums, staged portraiture, and symbolic imagery, she has created a visual language that is unmistakably her own. Her work reminds audiences that photographs are never simply records of what appears before a camera; they can also express dreams, histories, relationships, and aspirations. Through her remarkable vision, Lawson continues to expand the possibilities of contemporary photography and ensure that the lives and experiences of Black people occupy a central place in the visual record of our time.
Based on reporting by The Positive Community.
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